## Reducing the Risk of Developing Diabetes by Drinking Coffee

A long-term study published by scientists at Harokopio University in Greece has revealed that coffee consumption may positively impact diabetes risk. This 10-year research tracked 3,042 individuals, including 1,514 men aged 18–87 and 1,528 women aged 18–89, none of whom had diabetes at the survey’s start.

The researchers categorized the participants into three groups: non-coffee drinkers, those consuming less than 250ml per day, and those drinking over 250ml daily. Of these, 191 individuals were diagnosed with type 2 diabetes during the study. Remarkably, results indicated that those who drank more than 250ml of coffee daily had a 54% lower risk of developing the disease compared to non-coffee drinkers.

Efi Koloverou, a clinical nutritionist and the study’s lead author, emphasized that coffee’s benefits extend beyond caffeine. The anti-inflammatory compounds in coffee may play a crucial role in reducing the risk of type 2 diabetes.

> Fig.1 – The benefits of coffee go beyond caffeine.
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While coffee offers health benefits, particularly in reducing diabetes risk, this is true only when consuming black coffee without adding sugar, milk, or cream. Sweeteners and saturated fats can trigger inflammation and elevate blood sugar levels, detrimental to diabetics.

According to a study published in May 2023, coffee’s antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties are the primary reasons for its diabetes-reducing effects. This research, involving 150,000 participants, showed that drinking one extra cup of coffee daily could lower diabetes risk by 4% to 6%.

However, medical experts advise against consuming more than two cups of coffee per day, equivalent to no more than 400mg of caffeine, to avoid potential side effects. Additionally, adding artificial sweeteners and cream to coffee may increase the risk of heart disease for those already facing diabetes complications.

> Fig.2 – Medical experts recommend limiting coffee intake to two cups per day.
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## Coffee’s Liver-Protective Benefits

A recent study published in the BMC Public Health journal revealed that drinking approximately three cups of coffee daily could reduce the risk of liver cancer and other liver ailments. This research analyzed the coffee-drinking habits of over 494,000 participants from the UK Biobank, a vast health database, and monitored their liver health for over 11 years.

Among the participants, aged 40–69, 384,818 were coffee drinkers, and 109,767 did not consume the beverage. The results showed that coffee consumers, including those who drank caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee, experienced distinct liver health benefits. However, the effects were less pronounced for those who drank instant coffee.

Specifically, the study found that regular coffee drinkers had a 21% lower risk of chronic liver diseases, a 20% reduced likelihood of developing fatty liver disease, and a 49% decrease in mortality due to chronic liver disease compared to non-coffee drinkers. These findings could encourage many to incorporate coffee into their daily diets to safeguard their liver health.

> Fig.3 – Regular coffee consumption is associated with reduced risks of various liver diseases.
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A recent study by experts from the Universities of Southampton and Edinburgh analyzed data from 26 trials, encompassing over 2.25 million participants. Results showed that, compared to non-coffee drinkers, the risk of developing hepatocellular carcinoma was approximately 20% lower for those who drank one cup of coffee daily. This risk reduction increased to 35% for those who drank two cups per day.

Caffeine in coffee metabolizes into a chemical called paraxanthine, which inhibits the development of scar tissue associated with fibrosis. Thus, moderate coffee consumption (around 2–3 cups daily) can improve liver scarring and reduce the risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and cirrhosis. Additionally, coffee acids are believed to counteract the hepatitis B virus.

However, Vanessa Hebditch, from the Liver Trust organization, emphasizes that effective liver health protection should not rely solely on coffee. She advises limiting alcohol consumption, maintaining a healthy weight, and adopting a healthy lifestyle through balanced diets and regular exercise.

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